Peptide Directory
Peer-reviewed profiles for 167 research peptides, organized by mechanism and therapeutic area. Browse by category below, or use the search and filter to find a specific compound.
Browse by Research Area
Liraglutide
A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity - the predecessor to semaglutide with a 13-hour half-life and once-daily dosing.
Cerebrolysin
A standardised mixture of brain-derived neuropeptides that mimics the action of neurotrophic factors - widely used in stroke rehabilitation and neurodegeneration research.
CJC-1295 DAC
A GHRH analogue with a Drug Affinity Complex that binds covalently to albumin - extending half-life to 6-8 days and enabling true once-weekly GH stimulation.
Semaglutide
A GLP-1 receptor agonist best known as Ozempic/Wegovy, used for weight management and diabetes.
Mod GRF 1-29
CJC-1295 without DAC - a modified GHRH analogue with 4 amino acid substitutions for enhanced stability, producing physiological GH pulses when paired with a GHRP peptide.
Beta-Endorphin
A 31-amino acid endogenous opioid peptide produced in the pituitary and hypothalamus - the primary mediator of exercise-induced euphoria, stress analgesia, and immune modulation.
Tirzepatide
A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist (Mounjaro/Zepbound) producing the highest weight loss rates of any approved peptide therapy.
Retatrutide
A triple receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously - producing the highest weight loss of any peptide in clinical trials to date.
Klotho Peptide
A circulating anti-aging hormone whose levels decline dramatically with age - Klotho deficiency produces premature aging syndromes, while Klotho supplementation reverses cognitive and physical aging in animal models.
Exenatide
The first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for clinical use, originally isolated from Gila monster saliva - established the entire class of GLP-1-based therapies.
Fragment 176-191
The isolated lipolytic fragment of human growth hormone - 16 amino acids that target fat burning without the growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects of full hGH.
Carnosine
A naturally occurring dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine found at high concentrations in muscle and brain - potent anti-glycation, antioxidant, and anti-senescence properties have made it a focus of longevity research.
Argireline
Acetyl Hexapeptide-3/8 - a SNAP-25 mimetic that reduces muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions, smoothing expression lines without needles.
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound — a 15-amino acid peptide with remarkable regenerative and healing properties.
CGRP
Calcitonin gene-related peptide - the most potent vasodilator in the peripheral vasculature and the central driver of migraine pathophysiology, now the primary target for modern migraine prevention.
Alpha-MSH
A 13-amino acid neuropeptide that regulates pigmentation, appetite, inflammation, and sexual behaviour - one of the most pleiotropic peptides in human physiology.
GHRP-2
A potent synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates growth hormone release via ghrelin receptors with minimal cortisol elevation compared to GHRP-6.
Orexin-A
A 33-amino acid hypothalamic peptide that maintains wakefulness, stabilises sleep-wake transitions, and integrates energy homeostasis - its absence causes narcolepsy with cataplexy.
AICAR
An AMPK activator and metabolic modulator that mimics the cellular effects of exercise - enhancing glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fat oxidation.
TRH
A hypothalamic tripeptide that regulates thyroid function and exerts direct neuroprotective, antidepressant, and anti-seizure effects independent of its thyroid axis activity.
GHRP-6
The original growth hormone releasing hexapeptide - produces powerful GH pulses with pronounced appetite stimulation, making it valuable for cachexia and GH deficiency research.
Vasopressin
A nonapeptide hormone that regulates water balance, blood pressure, social bonding, and memory consolidation - one of the most evolutionarily ancient and multifunctional peptides in vertebrate biology.
Somatostatin
A cyclic tetradecapeptide that suppresses GH, insulin, glucagon, and multiple other hormones - the body's master brake on secretory activity and a critical cancer treatment target.
GLP-2
Glucagon-like peptide 2 - a 33-amino acid intestinal hormone that acts as a potent trophic factor for gut mucosa, promoting intestinal growth, reducing permeability, and treating short bowel syndrome.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
A melanocortin receptor agonist that directly activates the CNS to increase sexual desire and function.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide — the central coenzyme of cellular energy metabolism and a key regulator of longevity pathways including sirtuins.
Substance P
An 11-amino acid neuropeptide and the canonical mediator of pain transmission from peripheral nociceptors to the spinal cord - also central to neuroinflammation, gut motility, and immune activation.
Ipamorelin
A selective growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release with minimal side effects.
Syn-Ake
A synthetic tripeptide that mimics the activity of Waglerin-1 from Temple Viper venom, blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to produce muscle-relaxing, anti-wrinkle effects.
PACAP-38
A 38-amino acid pituitary peptide with extraordinary neuroprotective potency - 1,000x more potent than VIP - and roles in migraine pathophysiology, stress response, and neuronal survival.
FOXO4-DRI
A D-amino acid retro-inverso peptide designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 interaction that keeps them alive.
MGF
Mechano Growth Factor - the locally produced IGF-1 splice variant that activates muscle satellite cells after mechanical stress, driving muscle repair and hypertrophy.
Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl)
A lipopeptide that stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblasts, clinically shown to reduce wrinkle depth by up to 68% over 6 months.
Triptorelin
A synthetic GnRH decapeptide agonist that initially stimulates and then suppresses LH and FSH - used to study hormonal suppression, PCT protocols, and gonadal axis regulation.
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain - the primary driver of hunger during stress, and a key regulator of cardiovascular function and anxiety resilience.
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)
A synthetic version of the naturally occurring Thymosin Beta-4 protein, known for potent healing and anti-inflammatory effects.
Sermorelin
A GHRH analog (first 29 amino acids) that stimulates natural growth hormone production — the most established GH peptide in clinical use.
CJC-1295
A modified GHRH analog that provides sustained growth hormone release, often combined with Ipamorelin.
PEG-MGF
Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor - the stabilised, long-acting form of MGF with a dramatically extended half-life, enabling subcutaneous administration and sustained satellite cell activation.
Dermorphin
A heptapeptide from South American frog skin that is 30-40x more potent than morphine - exceptional metabolic stability from its D-amino acid residue and a model compound for developing non-addictive opioid analogues.
N-Acetyl Semax
The acetylated, extended-stability form of Semax - an ACTH-derived heptapeptide with potent BDNF-upregulating, neuroprotective, and cognitive-enhancing effects.
PNC-27
A 32-amino acid cancer research peptide containing a p53 HDM2-binding domain that selectively targets and destroys cancer cells by binding HDM2 on their membranes and inducing necrosis.
IGF-1 LR3
A long-acting IGF-1 analog with extended half-life and superior muscle anabolic potency — the most popular IGF-1 variant in research.
ACE-031
A soluble activin type IIB receptor fusion protein that sequesters myostatin and other TGF-beta family members to drive skeletal muscle hypertrophy and fat loss.
Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7
A palmitoylated Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg peptide that suppresses inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and stimulates collagen production, reducing photoageing and chronic skin inflammation.
N-Acetyl Selank
An acetylated form of Selank with enhanced CNS penetration and bioavailability - producing anxiolytic, nootropic, and immune-modulatory effects via GABA and BDNF pathways.
Follistatin-344
A naturally occurring protein that inhibits myostatin and activin, promoting dramatic muscle growth.
Melanotan II
A cyclic alpha-MSH analog with potent tanning, sexual function, and appetite-suppressing effects via broad melanocortin receptor activation.
Adipotide (FTPP)
A pro-apoptotic peptide that selectively destroys the vasculature supplying white adipose tissue, producing targeted fat loss without systemic metabolic effects.
Nonapeptide-1
A melanocortin-1 receptor antagonist peptide that blocks alpha-MSH binding to inhibit melanin production - used in skin brightening, hyperpigmentation, and melanogenesis research.
LEAP-2
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 - a recently characterised endogenous GHSR1a antagonist that blocks ghrelin signalling to suppress hunger and growth hormone secretion.
Syn-Coll
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 - a TGF-beta mimetic lipopeptide that activates collagen I and III synthesis in dermal fibroblasts by mimicking the TSP-1 sequence that triggers TGF-beta activity.
Thymalin
A natural thymus peptide complex that restores thymic function and immune competence - particularly studied for immune reconstitution in ageing and immunodeficiency.
Thymosin Alpha-1
A 28-amino acid thymic peptide that is the most studied immune-regulatory peptide — used clinically across 35+ countries for chronic infections, cancer adjunct therapy, and immune deficiencies.
FGL Peptide
A 15-amino acid NCAM-mimetic peptide derived from the neural cell adhesion molecule - promotes synaptic plasticity, long-term memory formation, and neuroprotection by activating FGFR.
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)
A naturally occurring copper complex with powerful skin regeneration, anti-aging, and wound healing properties.
Snap-8
An eight-residue acetylated peptide that competes with SNAP-25 to modulate neuromuscular junction signalling and reduce expression lines - a peptide alternative to botulinum toxin.
PTD-DBM
A Wnt signalling activator peptide that inhibits the CXXC5-Dvl interaction to stimulate hair follicle regeneration and wound healing through beta-catenin pathway activation.
Tripeptide-29
Glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline (Gly-Pro-Hyp) - the most abundant tripeptide repeat unit in collagen, studied for its direct role in collagen fibril stabilisation and as a collagen synthesis signal.
Semax
A nootropic peptide derived from ACTH that enhances cognition, focus, and neuroprotection.
Tesamorelin
A stabilised GHRH analog (Egrifta) FDA-approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy — the most potent GHRH peptide for visceral fat reduction.
PE-22-28
A truncated spadin analogue that selectively blocks TREK-1 potassium channels to produce rapid, ketamine-like antidepressant and anxiolytic effects without glutamate receptor involvement.
Vialox
Pentapeptide-3V - a synthetic cobra venom-derived peptide that blocks postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reducing facial muscle contraction for non-injection wrinkle reduction.
Oxytocin
The 'bonding hormone' — a hypothalamic neuropeptide governing social behaviour, trust, stress response, and reproductive function.
IGF-1 DES
A truncated IGF-1 analog (des(1-3)IGF-1) that is 10x more potent than native IGF-1 due to reduced IGFBP binding and enhanced receptor affinity.
ARA-290 (Cibinetide)
An engineered non-haematopoietic erythropoietin peptide analogue that activates tissue-protective receptors without stimulating red blood cell production.
B7-33
A single-chain relaxin-2 analogue that selectively activates RXFP1 receptors to inhibit fibrosis and reduce inflammation without the off-target effects of full relaxin.
Thyrotropin
A synthetic tripeptide analogue of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH/Protirelin) that stimulates pituitary TSH release and thyroid hormone production - used in thyroid axis research and diagnostics.
Vilon
A dipeptide (Lys-Glu) immune bioregulator and longevity peptide from the Khavinson series - one of the simplest yet most studied peptide bioregulators for immune function and lifespan.
Epitalon (Epithalon)
A tetrapeptide known as the 'fountain of youth peptide' for its telomere-lengthening and anti-aging properties.
AOD-9604
A modified fragment of growth hormone (hGH 177-191) that specifically activates fat metabolism without the growth-promoting or insulin-desensitising effects of hGH.
ABP-7
The actin-binding peptide domain from Thymosin Beta-4 that specifically sequesters G-actin monomers, inhibiting actin polymerisation and modulating cell motility - studied for wound healing and immune modulation.
Larazotide Acetate (AT-1001)
An eight-amino acid peptide that blocks intestinal tight junction opening and reduces gut permeability - the most clinically advanced tight junction regulator in development.
Cardiogen
A Russian tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) developed for cardiac tissue - supporting cardiomyocyte metabolism, heart muscle protection, and cardiovascular recovery.
Pinealon
A tripeptide derived from the pineal gland peptide complex that supports neuronal survival, cognitive function, and circadian rhythm regulation.
Testagen
A tetrapeptide anterior pituitary bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) that interacts with pituitary gonadotroph cells to support testosterone and TSH synthesis - studied for testosterone restoration in hypogonadism models.
Gonadorelin
Synthetic GnRH used to maintain testicular function, LH pulsatility, and fertility during and after testosterone replacement therapy.
Chonluten
A Russian tripeptide bioregulator (Gly-Glu-Pro) targeting bronchopulmonary tissue - supporting lung function, mucosal health, and respiratory recovery.
Vesugen
A tripeptide vascular bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson series with vasoprotective, neuroprotective, and geroprotective properties - targeting endothelial cell maintenance and vascular aging.
Hexarelin
One of the most potent GHRP peptides available, producing strong GH pulses alongside direct cardioprotective effects independent of GH.
Bronchogen
A tetrapeptide lung bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson series that regulates pulmonary gene expression, reduces lung inflammation, and supports bronchopulmonary tissue integrity.
Cortagen
A tetrapeptide cardiovascular and cerebral vascular bioregulator that supports vascular endothelial function, blood flow regulation, and vascular tissue maintenance.
Cartalax
A tripeptide connective tissue bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson series targeting cartilage, kidney, and fibroblast function - supporting collagen synthesis and combating cellular aging.
Selank
A synthetic anxiolytic peptide derived from tuftsin that enhances GABA transmission, reduces anxiety, and supports cognition without sedation.
Pancragen
A tetrapeptide pancreatic bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) from the Khavinson series that supports beta cell differentiation, insulin regulation, and pancreatic tissue longevity.
KPV
A tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH (Lys-Pro-Val) with potent anti-inflammatory and gut-protective effects — especially promising for IBD research.
Thymagen
A dipeptide thymic bioregulator (Glu-Trp / Oglufanide) that modulates immune cell cyclic nucleotide signalling, enhancing natural defence mechanisms and T-cell regulation.
Livagen
A tetrapeptide hepatic bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) from the Khavinson series targeting liver cell chromatin and gene expression to support hepatic function and longevity.
Prostamax
A peptide bioregulator derived from prostate gland tissue that supports prostate cell function, regulates inflammatory responses in prostatic tissue, and may support healthy prostate volume and urinary flow.
VIP
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide — a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with powerful anti-inflammatory, pulmonary vasodilatory, and circadian regulatory effects.
Melanotan I
An alpha-MSH analog that stimulates melanin production for photoprotection, with a favourable side effect profile compared to Melanotan II.
Ovagen
A peptide bioregulator derived from liver tissue that supports hepatocyte gene expression, improves liver cell regeneration, and modulates hepatic inflammatory and metabolic pathways.
Kisspeptin
A hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts as the master regulator of GnRH pulse generation and the entire reproductive endocrine axis.
DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)
A neuropeptide that promotes slow-wave sleep and has broad regulatory effects on stress hormones and pain.
Humanin
A 21-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide with cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory effects — a key longevity peptide.
P21
A novel peptide derived from CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) with potent neurogenic, cognitive-enhancing, and neuroplasticity-promoting effects.
GHK (Tripeptide-1)
GHK (Gly-His-Lys) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in plasma, involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory signaling, and collagen regulation.
Pal-GHK (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1)
Pal-GHK (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1, also known as Matrixyl basic) is a palmitoylated form of the GHK tripeptide that enhances skin penetration and collagen stimulation.
AHK-Cu
Copper tripeptide-3 (AHK-Cu) is a glycine-histidine-lysine copper chelate studied for scalp and skin repair.
Pal-AHK (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3)
Pal-AHK (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-3) is a lipopeptide combining the AHK copper-binding tripeptide with a palmitoyl fatty acid for enhanced skin and scalp penetration.
Lipopeptide (Cosmetic)
A broad class of fatty acid-conjugated peptides used in topical skincare research for enhanced dermal penetration and matrix-stimulating activity.
Fragment 176-191 & Mod GRF 1-29 & Ipamorelin Blend
A research blend combining Fragment 176-191 with Mod GRF 1-29 and ipamorelin — identical in design to the CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin + Fragment blend but labeled under the Mod GRF 1-29 nomenclature.
Pentapeptide-18 (Leuphasyl)
Pentapeptide-18 (Leuphasyl) is a synthetic enkephalin-mimetic pentapeptide that acts on opioid receptors in skin to relax facial muscles and reduce expression lines.
CJC-1295 & Ipamorelin Blend
A research blend combining CJC-1295 (no DAC / Mod GRF 1-29) with ipamorelin — the most commonly cited GHRH + GHS combination in GH secretagogue research.
CJC-1295 & GHRP-6 Blend
A research blend combining CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) with GHRP-6 for synergistic GH release paired with GHRP-6's notable appetite-stimulating effect.
BPC-157 & TB-500 Blend
A research blend combining BPC-157 and TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment) for additive tissue repair effects across tendon, ligament, muscle, and neural tissue.
Sermorelin & Ipamorelin Blend
A research blend combining sermorelin (GHRH analogue) with ipamorelin (GHS-R1a agonist) for synergistic GH release via complementary mechanisms.
Decapeptide-12
Decapeptide-12 is a synthetic skin-brightening peptide that competitively inhibits tyrosinase and reduces melanin synthesis in melanocytes.
BPC-157 & TB-500 & GHK-Cu Blend
A three-component healing research blend combining BPC-157 and TB-500 for systemic repair with GHK-Cu for collagen matrix stimulation and copper-mediated angiogenesis.
Sermorelin & GHRP-2 Blend
A research blend of sermorelin and GHRP-2, combining GHRH pathway activation with ghrelin receptor stimulation for potent synergistic GH release.
Mod GRF 1-29 & GHRP-6 Blend
A research blend pairing Mod GRF 1-29 (CJC-1295 no DAC) with GHRP-6 for synergistic GH release while preserving physiological pulse patterns.
Tesamorelin & Ipamorelin Blend
A research blend combining tesamorelin (a stabilized GHRH analogue) with ipamorelin for synergistic GH release, combining tesamorelin's unique visceral fat research profile with ipamorelin's clean GHS selectivity.
Mod GRF 1-29 & Ipamorelin Blend
The gold standard research peptide stack: Mod GRF 1-29 (CJC-1295 no DAC) combined with ipamorelin for synergistic, selective, physiologically-patterned GH release.
Sermorelin & GHRP-6 Blend
A research blend of sermorelin and GHRP-6, combining GHRH-pathway stimulation with ghrelin-receptor activation and appetite-stimulating effects.
CJC-1295 & Hexarelin Blend
A high-potency research blend combining CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) with hexarelin, the most potent GHRP available, for maximum GH pulse amplitude.
CJC-1295 & GHRP-2 & Ipamorelin Blend
A triple GH-stimulating research blend combining CJC-1295 with both GHRP-2 and ipamorelin for comprehensive GHS-R1a activation alongside GHRHR stimulation.
Vesilut
Vesilut is a short peptide bioregulator from Khavinson's research program, originally derived from urinary bladder tissue and studied for bladder cell function and urogenital aging research.
Sermorelin & GHRP-6 & GHRP-2 Triple Blend
A triple-peptide research blend combining sermorelin, GHRP-6, and GHRP-2 for maximal GH pathway stimulation across multiple receptor targets.
CJC-1295 & GHRP-2 Blend
A potent research blend pairing CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) with GHRP-2 for strong synergistic GH release with good GH-axis selectivity.
Fragment 176-191 & CJC-1295 & Ipamorelin Blend
A research blend combining Fragment 176-191 (selective lipolytic hGH fragment) with CJC-1295 and ipamorelin for combined fat loss and GH-stimulating research.
Tesamorelin & CJC-1295 & Ipamorelin Blend
A triple-blend research preparation combining tesamorelin and CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) for dual GHRH pathway activation with ipamorelin for GHS-R1a synergy.
Mod GRF 1-29 & GHRP-2 Blend
A research blend pairing Mod GRF 1-29 with GHRP-2 for potent synergistic GH release. Functionally identical to CJC-1295 & GHRP-2 Blend but labeled under the Mod GRF 1-29 nomenclature.
Somatropin (rHGH)
Recombinant human growth hormone bioidentical to endogenous 191-aa GH. FDA-approved for GH deficiency, HIV wasting, Turner syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome. Stimulates IGF-1, lipolysis, and lean mass accrual directly via GHR receptors.
Suprefort
Suprefort is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the pancreas. Proposed to support pancreatic cell gene regulation and beta cell function in aging models. Used in anti-aging research involving metabolic aging and pancreatic reserve.
Chitomur
Chitomur is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the bladder and lower urinary tract. Proposed to support urothelial function and urinary system aging. Used in anti-aging protocols targeting urogenital system deterioration.
Myristoyl Pentapeptide-17
Myristoyl Pentapeptide-17 is a fatty-acid-modified pentapeptide studied for eyelash and eyebrow growth promotion by stimulating keratinocyte production of keratin proteins. Found in cosmetic lash serums and brow enhancement formulations.
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
ANP is a 28-aa cardiac peptide secreted by atria in response to volume/pressure overload. It activates NPR-A receptors to increase renal sodium and water excretion, reduce blood pressure, and inhibit renin-aldosterone. Key cardiovascular research tool.
Endoluten
Endoluten is a Khavinson peptide bioregulator derived from the neuroendocrine (pineal-hypothalamic) complex. Proposed to restore circadian rhythmicity, support melatonin biosynthesis, and modulate neuroendocrine aging. Used alongside Epithalon.
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7)
Ang 1-7 is a 7-aa MAS receptor agonist produced by ACE2 that opposes the vasoconstrictive, fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory effects of Angiotensin II. Researched for hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, COVID-19, and neuroprotection.
Bolamin
Bolamin is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the bone marrow. Proposed to support hematopoiesis and bone marrow stem cell function in aging. Used in anti-aging research targeting immune aging and hematopoietic reserve.
Taxorest
Taxorest is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the tracheal and bronchial epithelium. Proposed to support respiratory tract cell regeneration and gene expression in lung tissue aging. Used alongside Chonluten in pulmonary anti-aging protocols.
GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide)
GIP is a 42-aa incretin secreted by duodenal K-cells that potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Tirzepatide's superiority over semaglutide is attributed to its additional GIPR co-agonism.
Hexapeptide-11
Hexapeptide-11 (Peptamide-6) is a yeast fermentate-derived hexapeptide that stimulates fibroblast production of collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, and upregulates desmosome proteins involved in skin barrier integrity.
Sigumir
Sigumir (Val-Glu-Pro-Asp) is a Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator for cartilage and joint tissue. Proposed to regulate chondrocyte gene expression and support cartilage maintenance in age-related degeneration.
Leuprolide (Leuprorelin)
Leuprolide is a synthetic 9-aa GnRH superagonist. Paradoxically, continuous use desensitizes GnRH receptors → profoundly suppresses LH, FSH, and sex steroids after 2-4 weeks. FDA-approved for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty.
NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
NMN is a direct NAD+ precursor nucleotide that raises cellular NAD+ more efficiently than NR in some tissues. Human trials at 250-600 mg daily show improved muscle insulin sensitivity and reduced biological aging markers.
Peptide YY (PYY 3-36)
PYY 3-36 is the biologically active form of the gut satiety peptide secreted post-meal by L-cells. It reduces appetite via Y2 receptor agonism in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Human IV infusion studies demonstrate significantly reduced caloric intake.
ACTH 1-24 (Cosyntropin)
ACTH 1-24 (cosyntropin, tetracosactide) is the synthetic 24-aa N-terminal ACTH fragment retaining full biological activity. It stimulates MC2R receptors on the adrenal cortex to drive cortisol synthesis. Primarily used diagnostically in the cosyntropin stimulation test.
Tetrapeptide-21
Tetrapeptide-21 (Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) is a collagen-stimulating tetrapeptide that activates TGF-beta signaling in dermal fibroblasts to upregulate type I and III collagen synthesis. Compatible with Matrixyl and GHK-Cu.
SHLP-2 (Small Humanin-Like Peptide 2)
SHLP-2 is a 12-aa mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded in the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene. More potent than humanin, it reduces oxidative stress, inhibits beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis, and promotes cell survival. Plasma levels decline with age.
Cerluten
Cerluten (Glu-Asp-Pro) is a Khavinson synthetic tripeptide bioregulator for the nervous system. Proposed to support neuronal gene regulation and nervous system aging. Used in Eastern European anti-aging longevity protocols.
Pramlintide
Pramlintide (Symlin) is the synthetic non-aggregating amylin analogue with three proline substitutions. FDA-approved as adjunct to insulin. Reduces postprandial glucose ~30%, suppresses glucagon, and produces 1-2 kg weight loss.
Crystagen
Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator from Prof. Khavinson's research group targeting the brain and CNS. In the same short peptide bioregulator family as Epithalon. Research suggests neuroprotective and gene-regulatory effects in aged neural tissue.
Degarelix
Degarelix (Firmagon) is a 10-aa GnRH receptor antagonist that suppresses testosterone to castrate levels within 3 days without the initial flare of GnRH agonists. FDA-approved for advanced prostate cancer.
Orexin-B (Hypocretin-2)
Orexin-B (hypocretin-2) is a 28-aa hypothalamic neuropeptide that activates OX2R > OX1R to promote wakefulness and regulate sleep/appetite. Loss of orexin neurons causes narcolepsy. Orexin receptor antagonists are approved for insomnia.
Tripeptide-10 Citrulline (Decorinyl)
Tripeptide-10 Citrulline (Decorinyl, Asp-Lys-Cit) mimics the decorin-binding site on collagen fibrils, promoting organized collagen fiber assembly and potentially reducing scar formation. Used in anti-aging and post-procedure formulations.
Pielotax
Pielotax is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator formulated for the kidney. Proposed to support renal cell gene expression and kidney functional reserve in aging models. Used in anti-aging longevity protocols targeting renal aging.
Glucagon
Glucagon is the 29-aa counter-regulatory hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis in response to hypoglycemia. Its receptor agonism is incorporated into retatrutide and other triple-agonist drug candidates.
Galanin
Galanin is a 29-30 aa neuropeptide activating GALR1/2/3 receptors to modulate pain, memory, mood, appetite, and autonomic function. Implicated in Alzheimer's disease (expands into hippocampus as cholinergic neurons degenerate).
Oxyntomodulin
Oxyntomodulin is a 37-aa gut peptide and dual GLP-1R/glucagon receptor agonist released post-meal. Its combined receptor activity suppresses appetite while simultaneously increasing energy expenditure — the mechanistic rationale for multi-receptor incretin drugs.
Ghrelin
Ghrelin is the endogenous 28-aa octanoylated peptide from the stomach that activates GHS-R1a to stimulate GH release and appetite. All synthetic GHSPs were developed to mimic or improve upon ghrelin's GHS-R1a agonism.
Urocortin
Urocortin is a 40-aa CRF-family peptide that activates both CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 receptors. It modulates stress responses, anxiety, appetite suppression, cardiac function (positive inotropy via CRF-R2), and immune regulation.
Peptide YY Analogue (Cagrilintide Component)
Native GLP-1 (7-37) is the endogenous 31-aa incretin secreted by intestinal L-cells. It potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite. The structural template for semaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide.
Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ)
Nociceptin is a 17-aa endogenous opioid-like peptide (but anti-opioid at the spinal level) acting on NOP/ORL1 receptors. It modulates pain, anxiety, stress responses, reward, and drug tolerance. Relevant to novel analgesic and antidepressant research.
Cetrorelix
Cetrorelix is a 10-aa synthetic GnRH antagonist that immediately blocks GnRH receptors, suppressing LH and FSH without the initial testosterone flare of GnRH agonists. FDA-approved for controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF.
NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)
NR is a vitamin B3 form and NAD+ precursor that reliably elevates whole blood NAD+ by 40-90% in human trials at 250-1000 mg daily. It activates sirtuins and is well studied for metabolic and mitochondrial health.
Abaloparatide
Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is a 34-aa PTHrP analogue with greater RG conformation selectivity than teriparatide. FDA-approved for osteoporosis. Phase III ACTIVE trial showed superior vertebral fracture reduction with lower hypercalcemia risk.
Neurotensin
Neurotensin is a 13-aa neuropeptide in CNS and GI tract that modulates dopamine neurotransmission, reduces pain, regulates gut motility, and has antipsychotic-like properties. Endogenous 'antipsychotic' in dopamine circuits.
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Teriparatide is the recombinant PTH(1-34) N-terminal fragment. FDA-approved for osteoporosis, it's the most potent bone-building drug available. Intermittent daily dosing preferentially stimulates osteoblast activity over osteoclast-driven resorption.
Bradykinin
Bradykinin is a 9-aa vasoactive peptide from the kinin-kallikrein system that produces vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and sensitizes pain nociceptors. Central to ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema and inflammation research.
Thymosin Beta-4 (Full Protein)
Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is the full 43-aa G-actin sequestering protein. Its LKKT domain is the basis for TB-500. Full Tβ4 has additional cardiac regenerative, anti-fibrotic, and hair follicle-activating properties that extend beyond the TB-500 fragment.
Amylin
Amylin (IAPP) is a 37-aa peptide co-secreted with insulin by beta cells that suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake. Deficient in T1D and late T2D. Pramlintide is its FDA-approved synthetic analogue.