Ultimate List of Research Peptides

Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is a 34-aa PTHrP analogue with greater RG conformation selectivity than teriparatide. FDA-approved for osteoporosis. Phase III ACTIVE trial showed superior vertebral fracture reduction with lower hypercalcemia risk.

Half-life: ~1.7 hours subcutaneous

The actin-binding peptide domain from Thymosin Beta-4 that specifically sequesters G-actin monomers, inhibiting actin polymerisation and modulating cell motility - studied for wound healing and immune modulation.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours

A soluble activin type IIB receptor fusion protein that sequesters myostatin and other TGF-beta family members to drive skeletal muscle hypertrophy and fat loss.

Half-life: 10-15 days

ACTH 1-24 (cosyntropin, tetracosactide) is the synthetic 24-aa N-terminal ACTH fragment retaining full biological activity. It stimulates MC2R receptors on the adrenal cortex to drive cortisol synthesis. Primarily used diagnostically in the cosyntropin stimulation test.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

A pro-apoptotic peptide that selectively destroys the vasculature supplying white adipose tissue, producing targeted fat loss without systemic metabolic effects.

Half-life: ~4 hours

An AMPK activator and metabolic modulator that mimics the cellular effects of exercise - enhancing glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fat oxidation.

Half-life: 30-45 minutes

Amylin (IAPP) is a 37-aa peptide co-secreted with insulin by beta cells that suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake. Deficient in T1D and late T2D. Pramlintide is its FDA-approved synthetic analogue.

Half-life: ~15-20 minutes

Ang 1-7 is a 7-aa MAS receptor agonist produced by ACE2 that opposes the vasoconstrictive, fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory effects of Angiotensin II. Researched for hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, COVID-19, and neuroprotection.

Half-life: ~25-30 minutes

ANP is a 28-aa cardiac peptide secreted by atria in response to volume/pressure overload. It activates NPR-A receptors to increase renal sodium and water excretion, reduce blood pressure, and inhibit renin-aldosterone. Key cardiovascular research tool.

Half-life: ~2-3 minutes

A modified fragment of growth hormone (hGH 177-191) that specifically activates fat metabolism without the growth-promoting or insulin-desensitising effects of hGH.

Half-life: 30 minutes

An engineered non-haematopoietic erythropoietin peptide analogue that activates tissue-protective receptors without stimulating red blood cell production.

Half-life: ~4-6 hours

Acetyl Hexapeptide-3/8 - a SNAP-25 mimetic that reduces muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions, smoothing expression lines without needles.

Half-life: Topical; local action only

A single-chain relaxin-2 analogue that selectively activates RXFP1 receptors to inhibit fibrosis and reduce inflammation without the off-target effects of full relaxin.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Bolamin is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the bone marrow. Proposed to support hematopoiesis and bone marrow stem cell function in aging. Used in anti-aging research targeting immune aging and hematopoietic reserve.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

Body Protection Compound — a 15-amino acid peptide with remarkable regenerative and healing properties.

Half-life: 4 hours (systemic), locally longer

Bradykinin is a 9-aa vasoactive peptide from the kinin-kallikrein system that produces vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and sensitizes pain nociceptors. Central to ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema and inflammation research.

Half-life: ~30 seconds in plasma

A tetrapeptide lung bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) from the Khavinson series that regulates pulmonary gene expression, reduces lung inflammation, and supports bronchopulmonary tissue integrity.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A Russian tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) developed for cardiac tissue - supporting cardiomyocyte metabolism, heart muscle protection, and cardiovascular recovery.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A tripeptide connective tissue bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson series targeting cartilage, kidney, and fibroblast function - supporting collagen synthesis and combating cellular aging.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Cerluten (Glu-Asp-Pro) is a Khavinson synthetic tripeptide bioregulator for the nervous system. Proposed to support neuronal gene regulation and nervous system aging. Used in Eastern European anti-aging longevity protocols.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

Cetrorelix is a 10-aa synthetic GnRH antagonist that immediately blocks GnRH receptors, suppressing LH and FSH without the initial testosterone flare of GnRH agonists. FDA-approved for controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF.

Half-life: ~62 hours (0.25 mg SC); ~5 days (3 mg SC)

Chitomur is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the bladder and lower urinary tract. Proposed to support urothelial function and urinary system aging. Used in anti-aging protocols targeting urogenital system deterioration.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

A Russian tripeptide bioregulator (Gly-Glu-Pro) targeting bronchopulmonary tissue - supporting lung function, mucosal health, and respiratory recovery.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A modified GHRH analog that provides sustained growth hormone release, often combined with Ipamorelin.

Half-life: 8 days (DAC form); 30 minutes (no DAC / Mod GRF 1-29)

A tetrapeptide cardiovascular and cerebral vascular bioregulator that supports vascular endothelial function, blood flow regulation, and vascular tissue maintenance.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator from Prof. Khavinson's research group targeting the brain and CNS. In the same short peptide bioregulator family as Epithalon. Research suggests neuroprotective and gene-regulatory effects in aged neural tissue.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

Degarelix (Firmagon) is a 10-aa GnRH receptor antagonist that suppresses testosterone to castrate levels within 3 days without the initial flare of GnRH agonists. FDA-approved for advanced prostate cancer.

Half-life: ~23-61 days (from SC depot site)

A neuropeptide that promotes slow-wave sleep and has broad regulatory effects on stress hormones and pain.

Half-life: 20–30 minutes

Endoluten is a Khavinson peptide bioregulator derived from the neuroendocrine (pineal-hypothalamic) complex. Proposed to restore circadian rhythmicity, support melatonin biosynthesis, and modulate neuroendocrine aging. Used alongside Epithalon.

Half-life: ~20-40 minutes

A tetrapeptide known as the 'fountain of youth peptide' for its telomere-lengthening and anti-aging properties.

Half-life: Short (injected); pineal gland accumulation

A naturally occurring protein that inhibits myostatin and activin, promoting dramatic muscle growth.

Half-life: 35–38 hours

A D-amino acid retro-inverso peptide designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 interaction that keeps them alive.

Half-life: ~6-12 hours

The isolated lipolytic fragment of human growth hormone - 16 amino acids that target fat burning without the growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects of full hGH.

Half-life: 30 minutes

Galanin is a 29-30 aa neuropeptide activating GALR1/2/3 receptors to modulate pain, memory, mood, appetite, and autonomic function. Implicated in Alzheimer's disease (expands into hippocampus as cholinergic neurons degenerate).

Half-life: ~10-15 minutes

A naturally occurring copper complex with powerful skin regeneration, anti-aging, and wound healing properties.

Half-life: Variable (topical bioavailability varies widely)

Ghrelin is the endogenous 28-aa octanoylated peptide from the stomach that activates GHS-R1a to stimulate GH release and appetite. All synthetic GHSPs were developed to mimic or improve upon ghrelin's GHS-R1a agonism.

Half-life: ~10-20 minutes

A potent synthetic hexapeptide that stimulates growth hormone release via ghrelin receptors with minimal cortisol elevation compared to GHRP-6.

Half-life: 15-30 minutes

The original growth hormone releasing hexapeptide - produces powerful GH pulses with pronounced appetite stimulation, making it valuable for cachexia and GH deficiency research.

Half-life: 15-60 minutes

GIP is a 42-aa incretin secreted by duodenal K-cells that potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Tirzepatide's superiority over semaglutide is attributed to its additional GIPR co-agonism.

Half-life: ~7 minutes (endogenous)

Glucagon is the 29-aa counter-regulatory hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis in response to hypoglycemia. Its receptor agonism is incorporated into retatrutide and other triple-agonist drug candidates.

Half-life: ~3-6 minutes

Synthetic GnRH used to maintain testicular function, LH pulsatility, and fertility during and after testosterone replacement therapy.

Half-life: 2–4 minutes (IV); longer subcutaneously

Hexapeptide-11 (Peptamide-6) is a yeast fermentate-derived hexapeptide that stimulates fibroblast production of collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, and upregulates desmosome proteins involved in skin barrier integrity.

One of the most potent GHRP peptides available, producing strong GH pulses alongside direct cardioprotective effects independent of GH.

Half-life: 30–60 minutes

A 21-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide with cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory effects — a key longevity peptide.

Half-life: Approximately 1.5 hours (preclinical estimates)

A truncated IGF-1 analog (des(1-3)IGF-1) that is 10x more potent than native IGF-1 due to reduced IGFBP binding and enhanced receptor affinity.

Half-life: 20–30 minutes

A long-acting IGF-1 analog with extended half-life and superior muscle anabolic potency — the most popular IGF-1 variant in research.

Half-life: 20–30 hours

A selective growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release with minimal side effects.

Half-life: 2 hours

A hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts as the master regulator of GnRH pulse generation and the entire reproductive endocrine axis.

Half-life: 28–30 minutes (kisspeptin-54); shorter for smaller isoforms

A tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH (Lys-Pro-Val) with potent anti-inflammatory and gut-protective effects — especially promising for IBD research.

Half-life: Short (minutes to hours); oral form has prolonged local action in gut

An eight-amino acid peptide that blocks intestinal tight junction opening and reduces gut permeability - the most clinically advanced tight junction regulator in development.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours (luminal; primarily local action)

Leuprolide is a synthetic 9-aa GnRH superagonist. Paradoxically, continuous use desensitizes GnRH receptors → profoundly suppresses LH, FSH, and sex steroids after 2-4 weeks. FDA-approved for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty.

Half-life: ~3 hours (aqueous); 1-6 months (depot formulations)

A tetrapeptide hepatic bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) from the Khavinson series targeting liver cell chromatin and gene expression to support hepatic function and longevity.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

An alpha-MSH analog that stimulates melanin production for photoprotection, with a favourable side effect profile compared to Melanotan II.

Half-life: 1–2 hours (injection); weeks (implant formulation Scenesse)

A cyclic alpha-MSH analog with potent tanning, sexual function, and appetite-suppressing effects via broad melanocortin receptor activation.

Half-life: 30–60 minutes

Mechano Growth Factor - the locally produced IGF-1 splice variant that activates muscle satellite cells after mechanical stress, driving muscle repair and hypertrophy.

Half-life: Minutes (extremely short-lived; very labile in serum)

CJC-1295 without DAC - a modified GHRH analogue with 4 amino acid substitutions for enhanced stability, producing physiological GH pulses when paired with a GHRP peptide.

Half-life: 30 minutes

Myristoyl Pentapeptide-17 is a fatty-acid-modified pentapeptide studied for eyelash and eyebrow growth promotion by stimulating keratinocyte production of keratin proteins. Found in cosmetic lash serums and brow enhancement formulations.

An acetylated form of Selank with enhanced CNS penetration and bioavailability - producing anxiolytic, nootropic, and immune-modulatory effects via GABA and BDNF pathways.

Half-life: ~2-3 hours (improved vs. Selank)

The acetylated, extended-stability form of Semax - an ACTH-derived heptapeptide with potent BDNF-upregulating, neuroprotective, and cognitive-enhancing effects.

Half-life: ~3-4 hours (intranasal)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide — the central coenzyme of cellular energy metabolism and a key regulator of longevity pathways including sirtuins.

Half-life: < 1 minute (IV); hours as precursor metabolites

Neurotensin is a 13-aa neuropeptide in CNS and GI tract that modulates dopamine neurotransmission, reduces pain, regulates gut motility, and has antipsychotic-like properties. Endogenous 'antipsychotic' in dopamine circuits.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

NMN is a direct NAD+ precursor nucleotide that raises cellular NAD+ more efficiently than NR in some tissues. Human trials at 250-600 mg daily show improved muscle insulin sensitivity and reduced biological aging markers.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours in plasma

Nociceptin is a 17-aa endogenous opioid-like peptide (but anti-opioid at the spinal level) acting on NOP/ORL1 receptors. It modulates pain, anxiety, stress responses, reward, and drug tolerance. Relevant to novel analgesic and antidepressant research.

Half-life: ~5-10 minutes

A melanocortin-1 receptor antagonist peptide that blocks alpha-MSH binding to inhibit melanin production - used in skin brightening, hyperpigmentation, and melanogenesis research.

Half-life: Topical; local action

NR is a vitamin B3 form and NAD+ precursor that reliably elevates whole blood NAD+ by 40-90% in human trials at 250-1000 mg daily. It activates sirtuins and is well studied for metabolic and mitochondrial health.

Half-life: ~4-6 hours in plasma

Orexin-B (hypocretin-2) is a 28-aa hypothalamic neuropeptide that activates OX2R > OX1R to promote wakefulness and regulate sleep/appetite. Loss of orexin neurons causes narcolepsy. Orexin receptor antagonists are approved for insomnia.

Half-life: ~20-30 minutes

A peptide bioregulator derived from liver tissue that supports hepatocyte gene expression, improves liver cell regeneration, and modulates hepatic inflammatory and metabolic pathways.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Oxyntomodulin is a 37-aa gut peptide and dual GLP-1R/glucagon receptor agonist released post-meal. Its combined receptor activity suppresses appetite while simultaneously increasing energy expenditure — the mechanistic rationale for multi-receptor incretin drugs.

Half-life: ~12 minutes

The 'bonding hormone' — a hypothalamic neuropeptide governing social behaviour, trust, stress response, and reproductive function.

Half-life: 1–6 minutes (IV); 90 minutes intranasal (CNS half-life estimated longer)

A novel peptide derived from CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) with potent neurogenic, cognitive-enhancing, and neuroplasticity-promoting effects.

Half-life: Not fully characterised; estimated several hours subcutaneously

A lipopeptide that stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblasts, clinically shown to reduce wrinkle depth by up to 68% over 6 months.

Half-life: Topical penetration dependent

A palmitoylated Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg peptide that suppresses inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and stimulates collagen production, reducing photoageing and chronic skin inflammation.

Half-life: Topical; local action

A tetrapeptide pancreatic bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) from the Khavinson series that supports beta cell differentiation, insulin regulation, and pancreatic tissue longevity.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A truncated spadin analogue that selectively blocks TREK-1 potassium channels to produce rapid, ketamine-like antidepressant and anxiolytic effects without glutamate receptor involvement.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours

Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor - the stabilised, long-acting form of MGF with a dramatically extended half-life, enabling subcutaneous administration and sustained satellite cell activation.

Half-life: 48-72 hours

PYY 3-36 is the biologically active form of the gut satiety peptide secreted post-meal by L-cells. It reduces appetite via Y2 receptor agonism in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Human IV infusion studies demonstrate significantly reduced caloric intake.

Half-life: ~7 minutes (endogenous)

Native GLP-1 (7-37) is the endogenous 31-aa incretin secreted by intestinal L-cells. It potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite. The structural template for semaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide.

Half-life: ~1-2 minutes (endogenous)

Pielotax is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator formulated for the kidney. Proposed to support renal cell gene expression and kidney functional reserve in aging models. Used in anti-aging longevity protocols targeting renal aging.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

A tripeptide derived from the pineal gland peptide complex that supports neuronal survival, cognitive function, and circadian rhythm regulation.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours

A 32-amino acid cancer research peptide containing a p53 HDM2-binding domain that selectively targets and destroys cancer cells by binding HDM2 on their membranes and inducing necrosis.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours

Pramlintide (Symlin) is the synthetic non-aggregating amylin analogue with three proline substitutions. FDA-approved as adjunct to insulin. Reduces postprandial glucose ~30%, suppresses glucagon, and produces 1-2 kg weight loss.

Half-life: ~48 minutes

A peptide bioregulator derived from prostate gland tissue that supports prostate cell function, regulates inflammatory responses in prostatic tissue, and may support healthy prostate volume and urinary flow.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A melanocortin receptor agonist that directly activates the CNS to increase sexual desire and function.

Half-life: 2.7 hours

A Wnt signalling activator peptide that inhibits the CXXC5-Dvl interaction to stimulate hair follicle regeneration and wound healing through beta-catenin pathway activation.

Half-life: ~2-4 hours

A triple receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously - producing the highest weight loss of any peptide in clinical trials to date.

Half-life: 6 days (weekly dosing)

A synthetic anxiolytic peptide derived from tuftsin that enhances GABA transmission, reduces anxiety, and supports cognition without sedation.

Half-life: Several minutes to hours depending on route

A GLP-1 receptor agonist best known as Ozempic/Wegovy, used for weight management and diabetes.

Half-life: 7 days (weekly dosing)

A nootropic peptide derived from ACTH that enhances cognition, focus, and neuroprotection.

Half-life: 30–50 minutes (intranasal); significantly longer with N-acetyl form

A GHRH analog (first 29 amino acids) that stimulates natural growth hormone production — the most established GH peptide in clinical use.

Half-life: 10–20 minutes

SHLP-2 is a 12-aa mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded in the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene. More potent than humanin, it reduces oxidative stress, inhibits beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis, and promotes cell survival. Plasma levels decline with age.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

Sigumir (Val-Glu-Pro-Asp) is a Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator for cartilage and joint tissue. Proposed to regulate chondrocyte gene expression and support cartilage maintenance in age-related degeneration.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

An eight-residue acetylated peptide that competes with SNAP-25 to modulate neuromuscular junction signalling and reduce expression lines - a peptide alternative to botulinum toxin.

Half-life: Topical penetration dependent

Recombinant human growth hormone bioidentical to endogenous 191-aa GH. FDA-approved for GH deficiency, HIV wasting, Turner syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome. Stimulates IGF-1, lipolysis, and lean mass accrual directly via GHR receptors.

Half-life: ~3-5 hours subcutaneous

Suprefort is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the pancreas. Proposed to support pancreatic cell gene regulation and beta cell function in aging models. Used in anti-aging research involving metabolic aging and pancreatic reserve.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

A synthetic tripeptide that mimics the activity of Waglerin-1 from Temple Viper venom, blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to produce muscle-relaxing, anti-wrinkle effects.

Half-life: Topical; local action

Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 - a TGF-beta mimetic lipopeptide that activates collagen I and III synthesis in dermal fibroblasts by mimicking the TSP-1 sequence that triggers TGF-beta activity.

Half-life: Topical; local action

Taxorest is a Khavinson short peptide bioregulator for the tracheal and bronchial epithelium. Proposed to support respiratory tract cell regeneration and gene expression in lung tissue aging. Used alongside Chonluten in pulmonary anti-aging protocols.

Half-life: ~15-30 minutes

A synthetic version of the naturally occurring Thymosin Beta-4 protein, known for potent healing and anti-inflammatory effects.

Half-life: 4–6 days

Teriparatide is the recombinant PTH(1-34) N-terminal fragment. FDA-approved for osteoporosis, it's the most potent bone-building drug available. Intermittent daily dosing preferentially stimulates osteoblast activity over osteoclast-driven resorption.

Half-life: ~1 hour subcutaneous

A stabilised GHRH analog (Egrifta) FDA-approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy — the most potent GHRH peptide for visceral fat reduction.

Half-life: 26–38 minutes (significantly longer than native GHRH due to stabilisation)

A tetrapeptide anterior pituitary bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) that interacts with pituitary gonadotroph cells to support testosterone and TSH synthesis - studied for testosterone restoration in hypogonadism models.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Tetrapeptide-21 (Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) is a collagen-stimulating tetrapeptide that activates TGF-beta signaling in dermal fibroblasts to upregulate type I and III collagen synthesis. Compatible with Matrixyl and GHK-Cu.

A dipeptide thymic bioregulator (Glu-Trp / Oglufanide) that modulates immune cell cyclic nucleotide signalling, enhancing natural defence mechanisms and T-cell regulation.

Half-life: ~20 minutes

A natural thymus peptide complex that restores thymic function and immune competence - particularly studied for immune reconstitution in ageing and immunodeficiency.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

A 28-amino acid thymic peptide that is the most studied immune-regulatory peptide — used clinically across 35+ countries for chronic infections, cancer adjunct therapy, and immune deficiencies.

Half-life: 2 hours

Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is the full 43-aa G-actin sequestering protein. Its LKKT domain is the basis for TB-500. Full Tβ4 has additional cardiac regenerative, anti-fibrotic, and hair follicle-activating properties that extend beyond the TB-500 fragment.

Half-life: ~30-60 minutes

A synthetic tripeptide analogue of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH/Protirelin) that stimulates pituitary TSH release and thyroid hormone production - used in thyroid axis research and diagnostics.

Half-life: ~5-10 minutes

A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist (Mounjaro/Zepbound) producing the highest weight loss rates of any approved peptide therapy.

Half-life: 5 days

Tripeptide-10 Citrulline (Decorinyl, Asp-Lys-Cit) mimics the decorin-binding site on collagen fibrils, promoting organized collagen fiber assembly and potentially reducing scar formation. Used in anti-aging and post-procedure formulations.

Glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline (Gly-Pro-Hyp) - the most abundant tripeptide repeat unit in collagen, studied for its direct role in collagen fibril stabilisation and as a collagen synthesis signal.

Half-life: Topical; local action

A synthetic GnRH decapeptide agonist that initially stimulates and then suppresses LH and FSH - used to study hormonal suppression, PCT protocols, and gonadal axis regulation.

Half-life: 2-4 hours (acute); depends on formulation

Urocortin is a 40-aa CRF-family peptide that activates both CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 receptors. It modulates stress responses, anxiety, appetite suppression, cardiac function (positive inotropy via CRF-R2), and immune regulation.

Half-life: ~20-30 minutes

A tripeptide vascular bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson series with vasoprotective, neuroprotective, and geroprotective properties - targeting endothelial cell maintenance and vascular aging.

Half-life: ~30 minutes

Pentapeptide-3V - a synthetic cobra venom-derived peptide that blocks postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reducing facial muscle contraction for non-injection wrinkle reduction.

Half-life: Topical; local action

A dipeptide (Lys-Glu) immune bioregulator and longevity peptide from the Khavinson series - one of the simplest yet most studied peptide bioregulators for immune function and lifespan.

Half-life: ~20 minutes

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide — a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with powerful anti-inflammatory, pulmonary vasodilatory, and circadian regulatory effects.

Half-life: 1–2 minutes (systemic); longer with intranasal delivery